//quo: Who is the Author? Sampling / Remixing / Open Source. Lev Manovich

some quotes from the full text, that can be accessed under:
[www.manovich.net/DOCS/models_of_authorship.doc]

"In fact, in we think about this historically, we will see collaborative authorship represents a norm rather than exception. In contrast, romantic model of a solitary single author occupies a very small place in the history of human culture. "

new media: new types of collaboration, new relationships, new distribution models

1. Collaboration of Different Individuals and/or Groups

"We can think of this as a “social culture”; we may also note that while the new media culture may not have produced any “masterpieces”, it definitely had a huge impact on how people and organizations communicate."

2. Interactivity as Miscommunication Between the Author and the User

--> relation between artist and user is that of feedback rather than of collaboration

3. Authorship as Selection From a Menu

--> selection from a small number of choices makes user feel like an artist/creator, where really she/he remains just a consumer

4. Collaboration Between a Company and the Users

--> incorporating users' feedback/experiences in new versions of a product

5. Collaboration Between the Author and Software

"The author sets up some general rules but s/he has no control over the concrete details of the work – these emerge as a result of the interactions of the rules."

6. Remixing

"Yet we are left with an interesting paradox: while in the realm of commercial music remixing is officially accepted, in other cultural areas it is seen as violating the copyright and therefore as stealing.", "no proper terms equivalent to remixing in music exist to describe these practices"
"The term that we do have is “appropriation.”"
"Anyway, “Remixing” is a better term because it suggests a systematic re-working of a source, the meaning which “appropriation” does not have."
"As in the case of Duchamp’s famous urinal, the aesthetic effect here is the result of a transfer of a cultural sign from one sphere to another, rather than any modification of a sign."
similar to remixing, but not the same: quoting - or as it would be called in electronic music: sampling

7. Sampling: New Collage?

similar to collage and montage (from literary and visual modernism), but in a new cultural context

8. Open Source Model

different types of licencing-models,
idea of the kernel, that is more persistent than the rest
"I think that the ideas of license and of kernel can be directly applied to cultural authorship." framework of rules of what is and is not allowed

9. Brand as the Author

"When we think of these individual brands we not supposed to also think of all the people involved in their creations. We can see here the romantic ideology with its emphasis on a solitary genius still at work."